First, I'll describe how 32-bit programs make system calls in 32-bit Windows, then I'll describe how it runs in the WOW64 environment and make system calls in 64-bit Windows.
In 32-bit windows:
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| Executable loads kernel32.dll and ntdll.dll |
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| Calling the win32 API, CreateFile, ends up calling kernel32.dll!CreateFileW |
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| kernel32.dll!CreateFileW ends up calling ntdll.dll!ZwCreateFile |
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| ntdll.dll!ZwCreateFile moves the system call number (0x42 for ZwCreateFile) into EAX, and... |
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| ...executes the "SYSENTER" instruction, which makes the transition into the Windows kernel. |
For 32-bit programs on 64-bit Windows:
Upon starting the program:
CommandLine: "C:\Users\admin\Documents\Visual Studio 2013\Projects\test\Release\test.exe"
************* Symbol Path validation summary **************
Response Time (ms) Location
Deferred SRV*c:\symbols*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols
Symbol search path is: SRV*c:\symbols*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols
Executable search path is:
ModLoad: 00000000`00200000 00000000`00206000 test.exe
ModLoad: 00000000`775f0000 00000000`77798000 ntdll.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`777d0000 00000000`77950000 ntdll32.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`738c0000 00000000`738ff000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\wow64.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`73860000 00000000`738bc000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\wow64win.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`73850000 00000000`73858000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\wow64cpu.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`773d0000 00000000`774ef000 WOW64_IMAGE_SECTION
ModLoad: 00000000`75840000 00000000`75950000 WOW64_IMAGE_SECTION
ModLoad: 00000000`773d0000 00000000`774ef000 NOT_AN_IMAGE
ModLoad: 00000000`774f0000 00000000`775ea000 NOT_AN_IMAGE
ModLoad: 00000000`75840000 00000000`75950000 C:\Windows\syswow64\kernel32.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`77330000 00000000`77377000 C:\Windows\syswow64\KERNELBASE.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`74b70000 00000000`74c5e000 C:\Windows\SysWOW64\MSVCR120.dll
Note that there are 2 "ntdll" present in the loaded modules. "ntdll32.dll" is the 32-bit ntdll from c:\windows\syswow64\, and "ntdll.dll" is the 64-bit ntdll from c:\windows\system32.
Making a win32 api call, CreateFile, in WOW64 follows this path:
- API calls kernel32!CreateFileW
- kernel32!CreateFileW calls kernelbase.dll!CreateFileW:
0:000> bp kernel32!CreateFileW
0:000> g
Breakpoint 0 hit
kernel32!CreateFileW:
7585167f ff25d4098575 jmp dword ptr [kernel32!_imp__CreateFileW (758509d4)] ds:002b:758509d4={KERNELBASE!CreateFileW (7734c299)}
- KERNELBASE!CreateFileW calls ntdll32.dll!ZwCreateFile:
KERNELBASE!CreateFileW+0x330:
7734c5c9 8b35ac103377 mov esi,dword ptr [KERNELBASE!_imp__NtCreateFile (773310ac)] ds:002b:773310ac={ntdll32!ZwCreateFile (777f00b0)}
- ntdll32!ZwCreateFile sets the API number (0x52 for ZwCreateFile) into EAX, and insteading of executing the "SYSENTER" instruction, it calls wow64cpu.dll!X86SwitchTo64BitMode:
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile:
777f00b0 b852000000 mov eax,52h
0:000:x86> t
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile+0x5:
777f00b5 33c9 xor ecx,ecx
0:000:x86> t
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile+0x7:
777f00b7 8d542404 lea edx,[esp+4]
0:000:x86> t
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile+0xb:
777f00bb 64ff15c0000000 call dword ptr fs:[0C0h] fs:0053:000000c0=00000000
0:000:x86> t
wow64cpu!X86SwitchTo64BitMode:
73852320 ea1e2785733300 jmp 0033:7385271E
wow64cpu!X86SwitchTo64BitMode makes a inter-segment jump into the the segment with selector 0x30 (the 3 at the end indicates that it is a ring 3 segment, a.k.a. user-land) Before this jmp, the code is running on segment 23. This segment is running in 32-bit mode (long mode set to 0):
0: kd> dt _KGDTENTRY64 0xfffff800`00b93000+20 /b
nt!_KGDTENTRY64
+0x000 LimitLow : 0xffff
+0x002 BaseLow : 0
+0x004 Bytes :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0 ''
+0x001 Flags1 : 0xfb ''
+0x002 Flags2 : 0xcf ''
+0x003 BaseHigh : 0 ''
+0x004 Bits :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x000 Type : 0y11011 (0x1b)
+0x000 Dpl : 0y11
+0x000 Present : 0y1
+0x000 LimitHigh : 0y1111
+0x000 System : 0y0
+0x000 LongMode : 0y0
+0x000 DefaultBig : 0y1
+0x000 Granularity : 0y1
+0x000 BaseHigh : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x008 BaseUpper : 0xffff
+0x00c MustBeZero : 0xcff300
+0x000 Alignment : 0x00cffb00`0000ffff
This jmp will jump to the segment 33, which is set to long-mode, a.k.a. 64 bit mode:
0: kd> dt _KGDTENTRY64 0xfffff800`00b93000+30 /b
nt!_KGDTENTRY64
+0x000 LimitLow : 0
+0x002 BaseLow : 0
+0x004 Bytes :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0 ''
+0x001 Flags1 : 0xfb ''
+0x002 Flags2 : 0x20 ' '
+0x003 BaseHigh : 0 ''
+0x004 Bits :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x000 Type : 0y11011 (0x1b)
+0x000 Dpl : 0y11
+0x000 Present : 0y1
+0x000 LimitHigh : 0y0000
+0x000 System : 0y0
+0x000 LongMode : 0y1
+0x000 DefaultBig : 0y0
+0x000 Granularity : 0y0
+0x000 BaseHigh : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x008 BaseUpper : 0
+0x00c MustBeZero : 0
+0x000 Alignment : 0x0020fb00`00000000
This inter-segment jump is the actual transition from 32-bit mode to 64-bit mode.
After this transition, the cpu lands at address 7385271E, which is wow64cpu!CpupReturnFromSimulatedCode. It calls wow64cpu!ServiceNoTurbo:
wow64cpu!CpupReturnFromSimulatedCode:
00000000`7385271e 67448b0424 mov r8d,dword ptr [esp] ds:00000000`0014fc9c=777f00c2
00000000`73852723 458985bc000000 mov dword ptr [r13+0BCh],r8d ds:00000000`001bfddc=777eface
00000000`73852723 458985bc000000 mov dword ptr [r13+0BCh],r8d ds:00000000`001bfddc=777eface
00000000`7385272a 4189a5c8000000 mov dword ptr [r13+0C8h],esp ds:00000000`001bfde8=0014f98c
00000000`73852731 498ba42480140000 mov rsp,qword ptr [r12+1480h] ds:00000000`7efdc480=00000000001be840
00000000`73852739 4983a4248014000000 and qword ptr [r12+1480h],0 ds:00000000`7efdc480=00000000001be840
00000000`73852742 448bda mov r11d,edx
wow64cpu!TurboDispatchJumpAddressStart:
00000000`73852745 41ff24cf jmp qword ptr [r15+rcx*8] ds:00000000`73852450={wow64cpu!ServiceNoTurbo (00000000`73852749)}
Which calls wow64.dll!Wow64SystemServiceEx:
wow64cpu!ServiceNoTurbo+0x27:
00000000`73852770 ff150ae9ffff call qword ptr [wow64cpu!_imp_Wow64SystemServiceEx (00000000`73851080)] ds:00000000`73851080={wow64!Wow64SystemServiceEx (00000000`738cd0b8)}
Which calls whNtCreateFile in wow64.dll:
wow64!Wow64SystemServiceEx+0xd4:
00000000`73bad18c 41ffd4 call r12 {wow64!whNtCreateFile (00000000`73bbc0f0)}
Which calls NtCreateFile in the 64-bit ntdll.dll:
wow64!whNtCreateFile+0x109:
00000000`73bbc1f9 ff154958feff call qword ptr [wow64!_imp_NtCreateFile (00000000`73ba1a48)] ds:00000000`73ba1a48={ntdll!NtCreateFile (00000000`7791e120)}
Which finally calls the "SYSCALL" instruction to transition to the kernel.
ntdll!NtCreateFile:
00000000`7791e120 4c8bd1 mov r10,rcx
00000000`7791e123 b852000000 mov eax,52h
00000000`7791e128 0f05 syscall
00000000`7791e12a c3 ret
Upon starting the program:
CommandLine: "C:\Users\admin\Documents\Visual Studio 2013\Projects\test\Release\test.exe"
************* Symbol Path validation summary **************
Response Time (ms) Location
Deferred SRV*c:\symbols*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols
Symbol search path is: SRV*c:\symbols*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols
Executable search path is:
ModLoad: 00000000`00200000 00000000`00206000 test.exe
ModLoad: 00000000`775f0000 00000000`77798000 ntdll.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`777d0000 00000000`77950000 ntdll32.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`738c0000 00000000`738ff000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\wow64.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`73860000 00000000`738bc000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\wow64win.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`73850000 00000000`73858000 C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\wow64cpu.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`773d0000 00000000`774ef000 WOW64_IMAGE_SECTION
ModLoad: 00000000`75840000 00000000`75950000 WOW64_IMAGE_SECTION
ModLoad: 00000000`773d0000 00000000`774ef000 NOT_AN_IMAGE
ModLoad: 00000000`774f0000 00000000`775ea000 NOT_AN_IMAGE
ModLoad: 00000000`75840000 00000000`75950000 C:\Windows\syswow64\kernel32.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`77330000 00000000`77377000 C:\Windows\syswow64\KERNELBASE.dll
ModLoad: 00000000`74b70000 00000000`74c5e000 C:\Windows\SysWOW64\MSVCR120.dll
Note that there are 2 "ntdll" present in the loaded modules. "ntdll32.dll" is the 32-bit ntdll from c:\windows\syswow64\, and "ntdll.dll" is the 64-bit ntdll from c:\windows\system32.
Making a win32 api call, CreateFile, in WOW64 follows this path:
- API calls kernel32!CreateFileW
- kernel32!CreateFileW calls kernelbase.dll!CreateFileW:
0:000> bp kernel32!CreateFileW
0:000> g
Breakpoint 0 hit
kernel32!CreateFileW:
7585167f ff25d4098575 jmp dword ptr [kernel32!_imp__CreateFileW (758509d4)] ds:002b:758509d4={KERNELBASE!CreateFileW (7734c299)}
- KERNELBASE!CreateFileW calls ntdll32.dll!ZwCreateFile:
KERNELBASE!CreateFileW+0x330:
7734c5c9 8b35ac103377 mov esi,dword ptr [KERNELBASE!_imp__NtCreateFile (773310ac)] ds:002b:773310ac={ntdll32!ZwCreateFile (777f00b0)}
- ntdll32!ZwCreateFile sets the API number (0x52 for ZwCreateFile) into EAX, and insteading of executing the "SYSENTER" instruction, it calls wow64cpu.dll!X86SwitchTo64BitMode:
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile:
777f00b0 b852000000 mov eax,52h
0:000:x86> t
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile+0x5:
777f00b5 33c9 xor ecx,ecx
0:000:x86> t
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile+0x7:
777f00b7 8d542404 lea edx,[esp+4]
0:000:x86> t
ntdll32!ZwCreateFile+0xb:
777f00bb 64ff15c0000000 call dword ptr fs:[0C0h] fs:0053:000000c0=00000000
0:000:x86> t
wow64cpu!X86SwitchTo64BitMode:
73852320 ea1e2785733300 jmp 0033:7385271E
wow64cpu!X86SwitchTo64BitMode makes a inter-segment jump into the the segment with selector 0x30 (the 3 at the end indicates that it is a ring 3 segment, a.k.a. user-land) Before this jmp, the code is running on segment 23. This segment is running in 32-bit mode (long mode set to 0):
0: kd> dt _KGDTENTRY64 0xfffff800`00b93000+20 /b
nt!_KGDTENTRY64
+0x000 LimitLow : 0xffff
+0x002 BaseLow : 0
+0x004 Bytes :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0 ''
+0x001 Flags1 : 0xfb ''
+0x002 Flags2 : 0xcf ''
+0x003 BaseHigh : 0 ''
+0x004 Bits :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x000 Type : 0y11011 (0x1b)
+0x000 Dpl : 0y11
+0x000 Present : 0y1
+0x000 LimitHigh : 0y1111
+0x000 System : 0y0
+0x000 LongMode : 0y0
+0x000 DefaultBig : 0y1
+0x000 Granularity : 0y1
+0x000 BaseHigh : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x008 BaseUpper : 0xffff
+0x00c MustBeZero : 0xcff300
+0x000 Alignment : 0x00cffb00`0000ffff
This jmp will jump to the segment 33, which is set to long-mode, a.k.a. 64 bit mode:
0: kd> dt _KGDTENTRY64 0xfffff800`00b93000+30 /b
nt!_KGDTENTRY64
+0x000 LimitLow : 0
+0x002 BaseLow : 0
+0x004 Bytes :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0 ''
+0x001 Flags1 : 0xfb ''
+0x002 Flags2 : 0x20 ' '
+0x003 BaseHigh : 0 ''
+0x004 Bits :
+0x000 BaseMiddle : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x000 Type : 0y11011 (0x1b)
+0x000 Dpl : 0y11
+0x000 Present : 0y1
+0x000 LimitHigh : 0y0000
+0x000 System : 0y0
+0x000 LongMode : 0y1
+0x000 DefaultBig : 0y0
+0x000 Granularity : 0y0
+0x000 BaseHigh : 0y00000000 (0)
+0x008 BaseUpper : 0
+0x00c MustBeZero : 0
+0x000 Alignment : 0x0020fb00`00000000
This inter-segment jump is the actual transition from 32-bit mode to 64-bit mode.
After this transition, the cpu lands at address 7385271E, which is wow64cpu!CpupReturnFromSimulatedCode. It calls wow64cpu!ServiceNoTurbo:
wow64cpu!CpupReturnFromSimulatedCode:
00000000`7385271e 67448b0424 mov r8d,dword ptr [esp] ds:00000000`0014fc9c=777f00c2
00000000`73852723 458985bc000000 mov dword ptr [r13+0BCh],r8d ds:00000000`001bfddc=777eface
00000000`73852723 458985bc000000 mov dword ptr [r13+0BCh],r8d ds:00000000`001bfddc=777eface
00000000`7385272a 4189a5c8000000 mov dword ptr [r13+0C8h],esp ds:00000000`001bfde8=0014f98c
00000000`73852731 498ba42480140000 mov rsp,qword ptr [r12+1480h] ds:00000000`7efdc480=00000000001be840
00000000`73852739 4983a4248014000000 and qword ptr [r12+1480h],0 ds:00000000`7efdc480=00000000001be840
00000000`73852742 448bda mov r11d,edx
wow64cpu!TurboDispatchJumpAddressStart:
00000000`73852745 41ff24cf jmp qword ptr [r15+rcx*8] ds:00000000`73852450={wow64cpu!ServiceNoTurbo (00000000`73852749)}
Which calls wow64.dll!Wow64SystemServiceEx:
wow64cpu!ServiceNoTurbo+0x27:
00000000`73852770 ff150ae9ffff call qword ptr [wow64cpu!_imp_Wow64SystemServiceEx (00000000`73851080)] ds:00000000`73851080={wow64!Wow64SystemServiceEx (00000000`738cd0b8)}
Which calls whNtCreateFile in wow64.dll:
wow64!Wow64SystemServiceEx+0xd4:
00000000`73bad18c 41ffd4 call r12 {wow64!whNtCreateFile (00000000`73bbc0f0)}
Which calls NtCreateFile in the 64-bit ntdll.dll:
wow64!whNtCreateFile+0x109:
00000000`73bbc1f9 ff154958feff call qword ptr [wow64!_imp_NtCreateFile (00000000`73ba1a48)] ds:00000000`73ba1a48={ntdll!NtCreateFile (00000000`7791e120)}
Which finally calls the "SYSCALL" instruction to transition to the kernel.
ntdll!NtCreateFile:
00000000`7791e120 4c8bd1 mov r10,rcx
00000000`7791e123 b852000000 mov eax,52h
00000000`7791e128 0f05 syscall
00000000`7791e12a c3 ret
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